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The European Commission should become
the executive of the EU
The European Parliament should elect
the European Commission
The presidency of the European Council
should rotate among the member states
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Introduction
1. The European Union is a unique and pioneering international
system. It has a mixture of intergovernmental and supranational features,
set up after the second world war to establish a shared democracy amongst
the countries of Europe. This was to replace the secret diplomacy that
had failed so dramatically in the recent past.
2. As time has passed since then, the EU has acquired
new powers and attracted new member states, and the diplomatic methods
of decision-making (secrecy, unanimity) have slowly been replaced by democratic
ones (openness, majority voting). It now needs to go further towards becoming
a parliamentary democracy with a legitimate and effective means of taking
and implementing decisions.
3. This paper outlines how to establish democratic and
effective political leadership for the EU.
4. Federal Union, on whose behalf this paper has been
prepared, was founded in 1938 and campaigns for federalism for the UK,
Europe and the world. It believes that democracy and the rule of law should
apply to states as well as within them.
Europe must speak with one voice
5. When the European Coal and Steel Community was first
established, it was based around a High Authority, an independent executive
charged with allegiance to the common European interest rather than individual
national interests. This is a model that has worked well: the most successful
policies of the European Union have been those which have been led by
the European Commission.
6. As the EU's powers have grown, the need for an effective
executive has grown rather than diminished. The European Commission must
be empowered to fulfil this role.
A democratic mandate for the European Commission
7. A weakness of the European Commission is that it
lacks a strong democratic mandate. This is something that should be rectified.
The European tradition is for parliamentary democracy: executives take
power as a result of their parties winning elections. That system should
be applied to the European Union itself. The Commission would acquire
greater legitimacy; the European elections would acquire more importance.
8. This proposal need not cut national governments out
of the process: the nominated president and other members of the European
Commission might still require approval by the European Council. Furthermore,
the balance between the different institutions in the policy-making process
still leaves considerable power in the hands of the national governments,
so there is no risk that the European Commission might become too powerful
an executive at the European level.
9. Lastly, the consensual nature of European party politics
- with six main groupings from 15, soon to be 25 or more, member states
- will prevent any single party domination of the Commission. In particular,
the condition that a two thirds majority is required to dismiss the Commission
will protect it from undue pressure from one side only with the European
Parliament.
The European Council should represent the member
states
10. An important conclusion is that the European Council
cannot fulfil the role of providing political leadership. It is important
that the presidency of the European Council should continue to rotate
every six months. Member states must have a stage to voice their opinions
on the future direction of the EU; the EU can never completely abandon
its origins.
11. However, an elected president or permanent chair
of the European Council would not help. Such a position would conflict
strongly with that of the president of the European Commission. Consider
the proposed personal specification: a former head of a national government.
This describes the two most recent presidents of the European Commission,
Jacques Santer and Romano Prodi.
12. The difference between these two posts lies in their
legitimacy and accountability. The president of the Commission would be
elected by the European Parliament, following the results of the European
elections, and confirmed in office by the European Council. The president
of the European Council would be chosen only by the European Council itself:
the European Parliament, directly elected by the citizens, would have
no role whatsoever. The president of the Commission reports regularly
to the European Parliament and can be removed from office. There would
be no equivalent accountability for a president of the European Council.
13. Furthermore, even if the post of president of the
European Council is created, the post of president of the European Commission
will still exist. The exclusive right of legislative initiative, the right
to propose and control the budget, the responsibility for the execution
of EU competences: these will still lie with the Commission. A president
of the European Council would actually have very little constructive actually
to do.
14. If making the European Union more democratic, effective,
accountable and closer to the citizen is an objective, then the European
Commission needs to be clearly recognised as the political executive of
the EU. The articulation of the common European interest cannot be done
on any other basis.
Conclusion
15. Any political entity requires effective and accountable
leadership. The European Commission has proven itself to be indispensable
in the success of the European Union. This role should be developed, along
with its accountability to the European Parliament, to provide the EU
with the future leadership that it needs.
March 2003
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